how to write a report on an event

How to write a report on event

Shirt Master Group ( summary )

Summary

This case study is about a manufacturing and designing organization Shirt masters, CEO tony appoints an external management consultant to analyze the performance and identify key strategic and operational problem and recommend solutions.

ShirtMaster was established in 1950’s by Howard master who was a skilled tailor and thus he opened this organization with the purpose of manufacturing and designing men shirts and ties.

By 1960’s the firm had grown over to 2000 small retailers which dealt with all men accessories and clothing, helped by the extensive and expensive advertising campaign of the ShirtMaster, not only did this help but the Fashion Lead of London also boomed the business.

By 1996 the firm was took over by tony master who worked as CEO of the ShirtMaster brand and managed the operations of ShirtMaster division

ShirtMaster is divided into two categories.

The ShirtMaster division and corporate clothing division, The ShirtMaster division as mentioned is directly managed by tony master, this division deals with the retail business, since the beginning ShirtMaster division had the lead business and market share but due to the changing market and competition it is losing market share and profit.

 This division international strategy is to penetrate in the European markets followed by the Asian Growing markets, but to enter the European markets this division need to strategically align with a European partner in distribution or retailing.

Corporate clothing division works independently, dealing in work wear for large corporate customers, in the start this division was not profitable and had small market share and profit, but since then its market has grown. Major contracts have been gained with banks, airports and the police, fire and ambulance services. Its designers work closely with the buyers in its large customers and divisions sales revenue benefit from the regular introduction of new styles of uniforms and work wear.

This division has also developed its manufacturing base along with IT systems to satisfy the cusomters.It is particularly proud of its computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, which can be linked to its customers and allows designs to be updated and manufacturing altercations to the introduced with its customer’s approval. They also follow the customer service package.

This division is also going to penetrate in the European market with a strategic aligned partner.
Shirt master group future strategy.

The CEO is determined to re-establish ShirtMaster as a leading shirt brand in the UK along with launching the European countries.

The initial feedback meeting with the management consultant has confirmed the concern that he is not delegating sufficiently. The consultant commented that Tony’s influence could be felt throughout the shirt master division. Managers either try to anticipate the decisions they think he would make or alternatively not take the decision until he has given his approval.

The end result is a division not able to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive retail marketplace. And losing both money and market share

Shirt Master Group ( Q&A's )

Q1: The Shirt Master Group is performing poorly by any standards and this reflects the poor strategic position of a major part of the group which is Shirt Master Division.

Using a 5-forces and value chain analysis we can see that the chosen strategy

Of being an integrated shirt manufacturer carrying out all the activities needed to design, manufacture and distribute its shirts is now seriously open to question.

 Most of its UK competitors have recognized the need to source shirts from low cost manufacturing countries. But Tony Masters seems to be alone in thinking that by maintaining a UK manufacturing capability this will give it some competitive advantage. The economics of the industry have changed dramatically with foreign shirt makers able to supply both the quality of shirt required in the premium shirt market and at prices that would enable Shirt Master to radically improve its profit margins. The division seems to be in the classic ‘stuck in the middle’ position having neither the volumes to achieve cost leadership or the skills to differentiate itself in the market as it has in the past. Its strategic choice has been to concentrate on the premium end of the shirt market but this focus strategy is now under considerable challenge.

 

The two key forces at work seem to be the intensity of rivalry between the shirt makers and the increased buying power of their customers – the retail outlets for their shirts. The Shirt Master division has remained heavily dependent on its small independent retailers, who themselves are under threat from the specialist clothing retailers and the supermarkets. There is a pressing need to analyze the changes taking place in the value chain underlying the shirt business. There is no evidence to suggest that Shirt Master is willing to make shirts under the own label brands of the dominant retailers. The Shirt Master division’s reliance on small independent clothing retailers is having significant cost effects on its value chain. In terms of in-bound logistics Tony’s expensive trips to buy cloth from foreign suppliers is resulting in large stocks of expensive cloth.  Meeting the individual demands of its many small customers must have a real impact on its manufacturing and distribution costs. Marketing expenses supporting the Shirt Master brand are both significant and yielding decreasing returns. In terms of the support activities, questions need to be asked at the infrastructure and HR levels in terms of Tony’s influence over strategy and operations, at the technology level in terms of their apparent lack of investment in CAD/CAM systems compared with the Corporate Clothing division and the procurement strategy has already been questioned. The measures below reflect a balanced scorecard approach to overall performance and clearly the Corporate Clothing division’s results bring the problems of the Shirt Master division into even more focus – comparisons are horrible!

Q2:Johnson, Scholes and Whittington define a strategic alliance as ‘where two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy’.

There are a number of types of alliance ranging from a formal joint venture through to network where there is collaboration but no formal agreement. The type of strategic alliance will be affected by how quickly market conditions are changing – swift rates of change may require flexible less formal types of alliance and determine whether specific dedicated resources are required or whether the partners can use existing resources. It is important for alliance to be successful there needs to be a clear strategic purpose and senior management support; compatibility between the partners at all levels The advantages that may be gained by a successful strategic alliance include creating a joint operation that has a ‘critical mass’ that may lead to lower costs or an improved offer to the customer. It may also allow each partner to specialize in areas where they have a particular advantage or competence. Interestingly, alliances are often entered into where a company is seeking to enter new geographical markets, as is the case with both divisions. The partner brings local knowledge and expertise in distribution, marketing and customer support. A good strategic alliance will also enable the partners to learn from one another and develop competences that may be used in other markets. Clearly there is a real danger of the partner eventually becoming a competitor. In assessing the suitability for each division in using a strategic alliance to enter European markets one clearly has to analyze the very different positions of the divisions in terms of what they can offer a potential partner. The earlier analysis suggests that the ShirtMaster division may have the greater difficulty in attracting a partner. One may seriously question the feasibility of using the ShirtMaster brand in Europe and the competences the division has in terms of manufacturing and selling to large numbers of small independent UK clothing retailers would seem inappropriate to potential European partners. Ironically, if the management consultant recommends that the ShirtMaster division sources some or all of its shirts from low cost manufacturers in Europe this may provide a reason for setting up an alliance with such a manufacturer. The prospects of developing a strategic alliance in the Corporate Clothing division are much more favorable. The division has developed a value added service for its corporate customers, indeed its relationship with its customers can be seen as a relatively informal network or alliance and there seems every chance this could be replicated with large corporate customers in Europe. Equally, there may be European work wear companies looking to grow and develop who would welcome sharing the Corporate Clothing division’s expertise.

Q3:the Shirt Master Group has decided to structure itself using two divisions who are dealing with very different markets, customers and buying behaviors. In so doing the intention is to provide more value to the customer through a better understanding of their needs. The existence of the two divisions also reflects the origins of the two family businesses. Mint berg in his work on organization design and structure sees divisional configurations as being appropriate in relatively simple and static environments where significant strategic power is delegated from the ‘strategic apex’ to the ‘middle line‘ general managers with responsibility for the performance of the division. Indeed one of the benefits cited for divisionalised companies is their ability to provide a good training ground in strategic decision making for general managers who can then progress to senior positions at company headquarters. Tony Master’s unwillingness to delegate real strategic decision making power to the senior managers in the ShirtMaster division may be preventing those managers developing key managerial skills. Using the BCG matrix one could classify the ShirtMaster division as a ‘dog’ with low market share in a market exhibiting change but little growth. The Corporate Clothing division, by contrast, can be regarded as a “star” having a small share but of a growing market.

More easily developed within a divisionalised structure. Performance can be clearly identified and controlled and resources channeled to those areas showing potential. However, this may be at the expense of costly duplication of resources and an inability to get the necessary scale to compete in either of their separate markets. Certainly, the lack of co-operation between the divisions in areas such as information systems may lead to higher costs and poorer performance.

Q4:Much has been written on the links between leadership and culture and in particular the influence of the founder on the culture of the organization. Schein actually argues that leadership and culture are two sides of the same coin. Tony’s father had a particular vision of the type of company he wanted and importance of product innovation to the success of the business.

Tony is clearly influenced by that cultural legacy and has maintained a dominant role in the business though there is little evidence of continuing innovation.

Using the McKinsey 7-S model the founder or leader is the main influence on the development of the shared values in the firm that shapes the culture. However, it is clear from the scenario that Tony through his ‘hands-on’ style of leadership is affecting the other elements in the model strategy, structure and systems which are the ‘hard’ factors and senior staff and their skills which are the ‘soft’ factors in making strategic decisions. Delegation has been highlighted as one of the problems Tony has to face and it is a familiar one in family firms.

 Certainly there could be need for him to give his senior management team the responsibility for the functional areas they nominally control. Tony’s style is very much a ‘hands-on’ style but this may be inappropriate for handling the problems that the company faces. Equally, he seems too responsible for the strategic decisions the company is taking and not effectively involving his team in the strategy process. Style is seen as a key factor in influencing the culture of an organization and getting the right balance between being seen as a paternalistic owner-manager and a chairman and chief executive looking to develop his senior management team is difficult. The positive side of Tony’s style of leadership is that he is both known and well regarded by the staff on the factory floor. Unfortunately, if the decision is taken to source shirts from abroad this may mean that the manufacturing capability disappears.

Tony should be aware that changing the culture of an organization is not an easy task and that as well as his leadership style influencing; his leadership can also be constrained by the existing culture that exists in the ShirtMaster Group. Lewis’s three-stage model of change and force field analysis.

The Annual Inspection of My School

The Annual Inspection of our school took place on last Wednesday. Our Head Master had told us about the date of inspection a week before it, so we had enough time to make preparations. Students of each class tried their best to decorate the School. All the class rooms were white washed. The classes were decorated with beautiful pictures, charts and maps. Students completed their fair note books and got them signed and checked by the concerned subject teachers. The science hall, drawing hall, the school garden and pavements were decorated. The District Officer Secondary and Higher Secondary Education accompanied by the Head Masters and subject specialists of other schools reached our school at 10:00am. Our Head Master received them at the gate. The Head Master Incharge of the inspection distributed the subjects of the different classes among the Head Masters and subject specialist of other schools. All the members of inspection team inspected the classes and prepared inspection reports and presented them to District Officer. Last of all District Officer Education paid visit to each class. He found the classes well prepared. After it he wrote visiting note in visitor’s book. He then assembled all the teachers and discussed the problems of the school, after it the inspection team left the school.

Geographical Conditions of Arabia during Advent of Islam

Question: What were the Geographical Conditions of Arabia at the advent of Islam?

Answer:

Introduction: Saudi Arabia monarchy in south western Asia, occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia is a land of vast deserts and little rainfall. Huge deposits of oil and natural gas lie beneath the country’s surface. Saudi Arabia was a relatively poor nation before the discover and exploitation of oil, but since the 1950s income from oil has made the country wealthy. The religion of Islam developed in the 7^th by Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, and it has been ruled by his descendants ever since.

Saudi Arabia is bounded on the north by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait; on the east by the Persian Gulf and Qatar; on the south east by the United Arab Emirates and Oman; on the border with the United Arab Emirates is not precisely defined. Saudi Arabia has an area of about 2,240,000 sq km (about 864,900 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Riyadh.

Geography: The Arabian Peninsula is essentially a huge, tilted block of rock, highest in the west and sloping gradually down to the east. Most of this slab of rock is covered with the sand of several large deserts. Saudi Arabia’s landscape also contains mountain ranges, flat coastal plains, and the rocky remains of hardened lava flows. The country’s climate is hot and dry, and there are no permanent rivers or lakes. Saudi Arabia can be divided into four natural regions. These are the mountainous western highlands; the rocky central plateau; the more fertile, eastern low-lying coastal plain; and the sandy desert areas of the north, east, and south. A string of mountain ranges stretches along the western edge of Saudi Arabia. The northern segment of these highlands, known as Al Hijaz (Hejaz), has a general elevation of 600 to 9000 m (2,000 to 3,000 ft), with some mountains exceeding 2,000 m (6,500 ft). Rainfall here is infrequent, but streams flowing down the west side of the highlands allow limited agriculture in valleys and on the narrow coastal plain. On the fields of dark-coloured, broken basaltic stone known as harras. South of Al Hijaz the highlands continue into the region known as ‘Asir. Here, the highlands are rugged and reach considerably higher elevations than in Al Hijaz: Much of ‘Asir lies between 1,500 and 2,000 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft). The highest point in Saudi Arabia, Jabal Sawda’ (3,207 m 10,522 ft), is located in this region, near the border with Yemen. ‘Asir receives more rainfall than Al Hijaz, allowing more widespread farming.

Considerably more than half the area of Saudi Arabia is desert. Some desert areas are covered with shifting sand dunes, while others are more stable flat or rippled expanses of sand. Shaped and moved by winds, sand dunes take the form of long ridges or tall hills. Sand, gravel, or bare rock basins lie between the dunes. Few plants grow in these arid deserts, except in scattered oases supported by springs or wells. Three large deserts lie on three sides of the country’s central plateau: An Nafud to the north, the Rub’ al Khali to the south, and the narrow Ad Dahna’ connecting these two on the east. The Rub’ al Khali, one of the largest deserts in the world, has an area of about 650,000 sq km (about 250,000 sq mi), nearly as large as the U.S. state of Texas.

An Nafud is characterized by parallel sand ridges, most 6 to 15 m (20 to 50 ft) high, but some sand hills rise as high as 30 m (100 ft). In some areas, wind has stripped the bedrock surface clean of loose material.

Summary of health is wealth

One day Kashif went for shopping with his mother. As he was fond of sweets, so he asked mother to purchase some from a shop. But his mother refused to buy sweets from that shop because flies were sitting on sweets. After it Kashif asked her to buy sweets from another shop which see-med to be clean. Mother refused on the grounds that she had seen a man sweeping the road along the shop. On asking mother explained that flies and dust carried germs and germs were injurious to health.

Kashif wented to know more about germs. His mother told him that when flies walk on dirty things, the germs stick to their legs. The flies carry those germs to our food. When we eat food, the germs get into our bodies and make us ill. So we should never eat such sweets and food which are non properly covered. She further told Kashif that a great number of diseases are caused by germs. For instant typhoid is caused by flies, Malaria is caused by a kind of mosquito bite. So we should make our surroundings clean and use kerosene oil and D.D.T powder. By doing so we can get rid of diseases. In this way we can preserve our health because health is wealth.

A Letter to Younger Brother Advising Him to Take Interest in His Studies

Examination Hall,

March 16, 2003.

My Dear Brother,

Assalam-o-Alaikum,

I am sorry to tell you that it hurts me to hear from your class teacher that you did not do well in the terminal tests. You have failed in English and Maths. You should be ashamed of it. You know I always showed good results in the same school. All teachers know that you are my brother. They expect good results from you also. I have also come to know that you are often absent from class and have joined a bad company. I am shocked to learn all this.

I therefore warn you to mend your ways. Work hard and win the admiration of your parents and teachers. You should devote much time to your students and make up your deficiency. I hope next time you will show good results.

Yours affectionately

X. Y. Z

Difference between Society and Community

Human beings are social animals. The quality we call humanity can be achieved only through social living, for there is no such things as a person whose personality and behaviour have not developed within some human society. Individual and society are both but what is the exact relationship between the two is taxing problem. Habits of a child closely develop in society and a child develops, and grows according to his social environments. In a few words, man is a social animal both by need, nature and necessity without. Society he cannot advance and it is impossible to have fullest expression of his personality and facilities. He requires society both for his life and also for the sake of good life. Society makes his life pleasant and worth living.
Community distinctly has territorial character and people in a community have common soil as well as shared way of life. In the past, community life was very simple but with the changes in society, changes in the community life are also rapidly coming. These changes are visible in both rural and urban life. There are different elements, which help in the development of community setiment. It may however, be remembered that community is different from society as well as association.
However, following points may clear the concept of society and the community.
Community
1. Population, it is one of the most essential and indispensable characteristics of a community irrespective of the consideration whether people have or have not consicious relations.
2. Nature, A community by nature is discrete as compared with society.
3. Area, For a community area or locality is very essential and that perhaps is the reason that the community has a definite shape.

4. Heterogeneity, A community has compatively rarrow scope for community sentiments and as such it cannot have wide heterogeneity.
5. Group of people living together sharing basic conditions of social life. i-e religion languages (very often).
6. It is smaller than the society which is closely tied and well-knit group.
7. It is more ethnocentric than society. Because its members share sentiments.
8. Definite geographical areas is essential.

9. Community exists within society.
10. In a community one finds that common objectives are less extensive and loosely coordinated. Society
1. Population is of course important but here the population is conditional by a feeling of one men. Thus consitous relations are more important than the mere population for a society.
2. By nature and character society is abstract and we can only feel about society.
3. Society is area less and shapless and for a society area is no consideration. That perhaps is the reason that the people living in distant areas and working in different fields conform society.
4. A society has heterogeneity and because of its wide scope and field can embrace people having different confucts.

5. Society is name of structure of all social relaship. Direct or indirect organised on in organised co operative or antagonistic.
6. It is a larger group based on aware nen or conscious nen of its other member/group set.
7. It is less ethnocentric than community. Its members do no share sentiments.
8. Definite geographical area and locality is not necessary.
9. Society include many communities.
10. On other hand in a developed society common objection are more extensive and closely coordinated.

What is a Project

To put projects into irrespective, you need a definition, most of the time we call any work a project, but Projects actually have a very specific definition. if a set of tasks or work to be done does not meet the strict definition, then it cannot be called a project.

Project is a sequence of unique, complex and connected activities having one or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, budget and according to a specification.

Unique activities : the project must unique in nature, a project has never happened before and it will never happen again under the same condition, something is always different each time the activities of projet are repeated.. such as a part is delayed, someone is sick , a power failure occurs, these are random events that can happen but we are not sure when, how and with what impact these event will happen.

Complex activities:the activities that can make up the project are not simple, repetitive acts, such as mowing the lawn, painting the house m washing the car, or the loading the delivery truck, they are complex. for example, designing an intuitive user interface to an application system is a complex activity

Connected activities: connectedness implies that there is a logical or technical relationship between pairs of activities. there is an order to the sequence in which the activities that make the project must be completed. they are considered connected because the output  from one activity is he input to another .for example we must design the computer program before we can program it.

One Goal: projects must have a single goal, for exapmle to design an inner-city play ground for Aid to dependent children families. how ever very large or complex projects may be divided into several sub projects, each of which is a projects on its own

Specified Time: projects have a specified completion date. this date can be self imposed by man engagement or externally specified by a customer or government agency.

Within budget: projects also have resource limits, such as limited amount of people, money or machines that are dedicated to the project,. while these resources can be adjusted up or down by management they are considered fixed resources to the project manager. For example, suppose a company has only one web designer a the moment that is the fixed resource that ia available to the project manager

Pakistan Resolution

PREAMBLE

Pakistan Resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan.It provides a way to the Muslims,leading to the destination of a complete independence.
ATTITUDE OF HINDUS

Hindus clearly stated that they would not tolerate another community in India by saying:

"India belong to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India,they should follow Hinduism."

The Hindus tried to destroy Muslim identity by introducing Hindi as a medium of education.
CONGRESS OPERATION

The congress neglected the Muslim in every field and supported the Hindus.It did not recognize Muslim as a considerable party in India.In his address Nehru stated that: "There are only two parties in the country,the congress and the british." According of Quaid-e-Azam :

"The sole aim and object of the congress is to annihilate every other organization in the country."
PARTITION PROPOSALS

By 1937,the political conditions of Sub Continent compelled the Muslim political leaders to seriously consider the partition of India.The idea of Indian partition was not a new one,a number of partition proposals had been forwarded previously by many Muslim leaders like Syed Ahmed Shaheed,Mohammad Abdul Qadir,Allama Iqbal,Syed Jamal Uddin Afghani,Abdul Halim Sharar e.t.c.


PROPOSAL GIVEN BY ALLAMA IQBAL

The most reasonable proposal was given by Allama Iqbal.The poet,philosopher,while delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahbad in December 1930 said:

"India is a continent of Human Beings belonging to different languages ,having different religion,therefore,I demand the formation of separate Muslim State for the Muslims of India."
CHAUDRY REHMAT ALI'S SCHEME

Chaudry Rehmat Ali proposed his scheme of partition of India.He declared:

"North of India is Muslim and we shall keep it Muslim.Not only that ,we will make it a Muslim State....?"

He coined the word "Pakistan" in which 'P' stands for Punjab,'A' stands for Afghanistan,(N.W.F.P) 'K' for Kashmir ,'S' for Sindh and 'tan' stands for Baluchistan.The word Pakistan means "The land of Pure".
THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

In 1940,the annual session of Muslim League was held at Lahore in Minto Park (Iqbal Park).Under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam and a resolution was passed on 23rd March,1940.The Resolution was moved by Bengal Chief Minister Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Chaudry Khaliq-uz-Zaman.It stated that:

"No Constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles,viz,that geographically contiguous units are demo crated into regions which should be so constituted,with such territorial adjustment as may necessary,that the areas in which Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India,should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign...adequate,effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the protection of their religion ,cultural,economic,political,administrative and other rights."
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF QUA ID-E-AZAM

The Quaid-e-Azam delivered a historic address at this moment highlighting the distinct national character of the Muslims of India.He said:

"Musalmans are not a minority at is commonly known and understood.One has only got to look around even today,According to the British map of India,out of 11 provinces,4 provinces where the Muslims dominate more or less are functioning not with standing the decision of the Congress High Command to non cooperate and prepare for civil disobedience .Musalmans are nation according to any definition of a nation and they must have their homelands,their territory and their state.We wish to live in peace and harmony with our neighbors as a free and independent people.We wish our people to develop to the fullest our spiritual,cultural,economic,social and political life in a way that we think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people."
MUSLIMS ACCEPTANCE AND HINDUS REJECTION OF THE RESOLUTION

The Resolution was unanimously accepted by the Muslims who had assembled the meeting plan in a large number.The Hindu readers and newspaper raise a hue and cry after the Resolution.They refused it and referred to the partition as "Vivisection of Motherland".

Gandhi said that :

"Dividing India was like dividing a cow."

Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that:

"If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would loose the whole,but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get two-thirds."
IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

The Pakistan Resolution is a land mark in the history of the Muslims of India.This famous Resolution results in the creation of Pakistan.The acceptance of Pakistan Resolution strengthened the Two Nation Theory which was the basis of Muslim struggle for Independence.


CONCLUSION

Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the national identity of the Muslims.With the passage of Pakistan Resolution,the Muslims began to acquire new hope and confidence in their destiny.The Resolution infused high spirits among the Muslims who were now determined to fight to the last minute for the accomplishment of Pakistan.

Two nation Thoery

Meaning of Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the cultural,political,religious,economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities.Hindus and Muslims of the Sub Continent.These difference of out look ,in fact,were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.
THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations.They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization.Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book "Kitab-ul-Hind" as:

"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries.The two socities,Hindus and Muslims,like two streams have sometimes touched but never merged,each following its separate course."

There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two Nations.Let us examine each of them separately.
1.Religious Differences

The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.Muslims are the believers of God,The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.

Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and have a very narrow approach towards life.
2.Hindu Nationalism

A number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time to time in the Indian history ,added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and antagonism which already existed between the two communities.

The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities.Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.
3.Cultural Differences

Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.
4.Social Differences

The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well.The clothes,the foods,the household utensils,the layout of homes,the words of salutation,the gestures and every thing about them was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
5.Economics Differences

After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties were confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.
6.Educational Differences

The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took the english education.While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
7.Political Differences

The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy

In 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script.This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) Congress Attitude

The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
(iii) Partition of Bengal

In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims,but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
8.Language

The Muslimsand Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script.On the other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit.Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing,thoughts of poetry,arts,painting and words of music.Even this small difference lead to a stirring conflict between the two nations.
Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.

The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:

"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes.By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else,We,Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government.Our intrests and problems are common,and therfore,I consider the two factions as one nation."

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language national and international identity and for this purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of "Two Nation" or "Two entities."

After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single nation.He said:

" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other."
TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL

Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed in the separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and untill they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930,he said:

"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam."
QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY

The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement and speeches.He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth.He declared:

" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the word nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation."

Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in regards to their ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:

"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations."
CONCLUTION

The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.

Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as a base,Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August ,1947,and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.

14 points of Quaid-e-Azam

INTRODUCTION

In 1928,an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the constitutional problems of India.A committee was set up under Pandit Lal Nehru.That committee prepared a report which is known as "Nehru Report".This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India.Separate electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was rejected.In this report,not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld.

Since Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus therefore Mr.Jinnah was authorized to draft in concise term the basis of any future constitution that was to be devised for India.Originally these demands were Fourteen in number and so they popularly came to be known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points".

In March 1929 ,at the annual session of All india Muslim league,he declared his famous fourteen points.
JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS -1929
1.Federal System

The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces.
2.Provincial Autonomy

A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3.Representation of Minorities

All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
4.Number of Muslim Representative

In the central legislative ,Muslims representative shall be not less than one -third.
5.Separate Electorates

Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any community,at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
6.Muslim Majority Provinces

Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way,effect the Muslim majority in Punjab,Bengal and N.W.F.P.
7.Religious Liberty

Full religious Liberty,liberty of belief,worship and observance,association and education shall be guaranted to all the communication.
8.Three-Fourth Representation

No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill.
9.Separation of Sind

Sind should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
10.Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan

Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.
11.Government Services

Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the services of State.
12.Protection of Muslim's culture and Language

The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture,language,religion and civilization.
13.One-Third Muslim Ministers

No cabinet,either central or provincial be formed.Without being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim Ministers.
14.Constitution

No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.

The reasonable and moderate demands contained in the fourteen points,were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened the gulf between the two communities.
IMPORTANCE OF JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS

A comparison of the Nehru Report with the quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really widened.Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for Muslims of India.These points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims of India.Those points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims wanted their own identity without influence by Hindus.Fourteen Points not only revived Muslim League but also directed them on a new way.These points prepared the Muslims of India for a bold step to struggle for freedom.

The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930.

As a result,these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decaded till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

Salient features of Pakistan Culture

DEFINITION OF CULTURE

Culture may be defined as behaviour perculiar to human beings,together with material objects used.Culture consists of language,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institution,t ools,techniques,works of arts,ceremonies and so on.According to Allama Iqbal:

"Culture encompasses all the mental,Spiritual and Physical activities of a Nation.It includes the basic beliefs and faith,values and literature ,aart and architecture,music and mode of dress,manners and customs prevalent in a given Society."
PAKISTANI CULTURE IS A ISLAMIC CULTURE

Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State.Its very existence is due to Islam,so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life.All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam.Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur,simplicity,firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
SALIENT FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE

The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:
1.Religious Uniformity

Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam.The people ,in spite of some differences of languages,customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam.This is the religion,which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.
2.Language

A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan.Some of them are Punjabi,Sindhi,Pushto and Baluchi.But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan.Being the official language,it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.
3.Literatur and Poetry

Literature is an important aspects of our cultural life.Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry.They gave the message of love and brotherhood.Simlarity of thoughts amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.
4.Dress and Diet

Dress is an important manifestation of culture.The regional dresses of Pakistan under go changes in the light of local traditions,economic conditions,way of living and wealth in the region.But in all provinces people generally wear Shalwar Qameez.

Our eating habits,foods and social etquette are stricktly in conformity with Islamic principles.
5.Mixed Culture

Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and British culture on the present Pakistani society.
6.Male Dominated Society

In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key position.Family is headed by a male member and in most cases,he is the soul sources of income for other members of the family.
7.Arts and Architecture

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elwgant designs,based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature.The Shah Jahan Masjid,Shalimar Garden,Badshahi Masjid,Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the exellent Mughal architecture.
8.Handicrafts

Embroidery,Leather works,glazed pottery,wood work,carpet making,metal crafts,ivory are the essential parts of our culture.Pakistani craftsmen are considered as the best in their craftsmanship.They are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign countries.
9.Recreational Activities-Sports

The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common.The games like wrestling,hockey ,cricket,football,squash,Kabaddi etc are popular in every part of our country.These games reflect our cultural identity.
10.Education

Education contributes a great deal in developing national character.Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of culture,unity and solidarity of a nation.it is,therefore,important that the entire syllabi right from the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.
11.Religious Festivals

Festivals play an important part of our culture.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals .They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
12.Ulema,Mushaikh and Sufi Poets

Ulema,Mashaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural aspect of life.Sufis like Lal Shahbaz,Data Ganj Baksh,Shah Abdul Lateef,Sachal Sarmast,Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
CONCLUTION

Culture which includes religion,literature art,architecture,dresses,music,manners and customs has its roots in the Islamic culture.Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual.Even in drinking,eating and dressing,we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam.So it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.

By Car Across Europe (Questions and Answers)

Q.1: Why it is easy to reach the continent of Europe from England?

Ans: It is easy to reach the continent of Europe from England because after crossing English Channel one can see or do variety of things and it is also not expensive to cross it.

Q.2: How students often travel abroad?

Ans: Students often travel abroad by bicycle or on foot. Sometimes they ask motorists for a free lift.

Q.3: How did older people often travel abroad?

Ans: The older people often travel abroad by bus or train.

Q.4: What are the advantages of taking private cars?

Ans: There are lot of advantages of travelling by private cars, one can travel far and wide in search of enjoyment and novelty, see more with less inconvenience and one do not worry about catching buses and trains or finding porters and taxis.

Q.5: Why were Roger and Sheila going to Capri?

Ans: Roger and Sheila were going to Capri on sentimental pilgrimage. Because five years ago they had spent their honeymoon there and now they wanted to see the place again.

Q.6: What preparation did Roger make?

Ans: Before setting on their journey to Capri Roger obtained passport, traveller’s cheques and necessary documents for his car.

Q.7: How did they cross English Channel?

Ans: They crossed English Channel by a car-ferry.

Q.8: What happened on the board ship?

Ans: They had lunch on the board, Roger bought some tax free cigarettes and then they entered into conversation with other passengers about the route they intended to follow across Europe.

Q.9: What did they do when they left Dunkirk?

Ans: Whey they left Dunkirk they drove off the ferry into France and were very soon on their way to Belgium.

Q.10: Where did they go after Brussels?

Ans: After Brussels they went to the Luxembourg.

Q.11: Which route they take through Germany?

Ans: From Trier a famous village of Germany they reached Koblenz. From there they turned the south along the River Rhine all the way through black forest to the town of Basle on Swiss-German border.

Q.12: Why did Roger want to drive across Switzerland?

Ans: Roger wanted to drive across Switzerland because he wanted to enter Italy by Simplon pass on the way to Melon.

Q.13: How did they get from Basel to Venice?

Ans: From Basel they went East ward to Innsbruck in Austria and then over the Brenner pass to Venice.

Q.14: Why is Venice unique?

Ans: Venice is unique in the world because it has canals in place of roads and streets.

Q.15: What was their route from Venice to Naples?

Ans: From Venice they went to Naples by route of Florence and Rome.

The Abbot of Canterbury (Summary)

The Abbot of Canterbury was a rich bishop. He was leading a pompous life. He kept a better house as the King himself. He kept a large train of servants who waited upon him with velvet coats and gold chains. At that time the King John ruled over England. He was jealous of the Abbot of Canterbury and thought that he got his wealth by unfair means. He therefore wanted to punish him, so he called the Abbot and he charged him with treason. The Abbot pleaded not guilty and said that he was spending his own money. At this King put him three questions and declared that the Abbot would have to lose his life, if he failed to answer the questions. King gave him three weeks to answers these questions.

The Abbot was upset. He went to Oxford and Cambridge and to all the wise men of the land. But no one could tell him how to answer the questions. At last the Abbot’s shepherd who resembled him went before the King.

The King put following three question before him:

1. What was his (King’s) worth with his crown of gold?

2. How soon might he ride the whole world about?

3. What was he thinking?

To first question the shepherd replied that Jesus Christ was sold among the Jews for thirty pence, so his worth was only twenty nice pence. To the second question the shepherd replied that if he rode with the sun he would travel round the world in 24 hours. To the third question, he replied that he was thinking him Abbot of Canterbury but he was his poor shepherd and came to beg pardon for the Abbot and himself. King John was very happy at this jest and granted a pension of four nobles per week for the shepherd and pardoned the Abbot of Canterbury.