GreenHouse Effect and impacts

In recent years, there have been many alarming reports that the world’s climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide strong evidence that the world temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase in global warming is caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth. Most climatologists believe that the greenhouse effect is the likely cause of this global warming.

What is greenhouse effect? It is the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth as a result of heat being trapped by environmental pollution. This is exemplified by the destruction and burning down of tropical rain forests, by traffic that clogs up city streets, by the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in packaging and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents such as washing powder and washing-up liquid and so on. The oceans are also said to be affected both because of human waste and pollution caused by industrial waste products, oil seeping from damaged super tanks and from other maritime disasters.
However, the main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests, and pollutants such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. Climatologists predict that midway the next century, temperatures may have rise by as much as 4° C. this could catastrophically reduce mankind’s ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmland. The alarming news about Bangladesh is that as a result of the rise of the sea level, the lower southern part of the country may one day go under water.

value of time in our life

The value of time in our life and in this world knows no bound. Time has started its march from the very beginning of the creation of the world. This very ancient march has no end. But we have been sent to this world for a very short time. So, we have no alternative to make our life successful without the proper use of time.

Time never stays for anybody. It just goes on and on. The popular saying goes- “Time and tide wait for none”. So, every moment is very precious. Our success depends on the best use of these moments. We must make a proper division of our time and do our duties properly. Only then we will be able to go forward and reach our goal. On the other hand, if we fail to make the right use of our time, we will have to drag a miserable existence.
History provides many examples of the importance of time. One of Napoleon’s generals was a few minutes late in Water-loo’s battle field. As a result, Napoleon had to face a terrible defeat. On the other hand, Robert Bruce, Abraham Lincoln, Einstein, Aristotle and such other great persons led their lives to the top of success making the best use of time.
We are the best creation of Allah. We owe to Him because He hasls sent us to this beautiful earth. To pay off our debt to some extent, we must make proper use of time. Because anything good can be done or achieved only by making the best use of time.

The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is the largest defense fortification and the greatest building enterprise ever undertaken by man. About 1500 miles long, this unique wall stretches from the Gulf of Cicily of the Yellow Sea along the northern frontier of China to Kansu Province in the west. The width of this wall varies from 15 to 40 feet at the base, and from 12 to 35 feet at the summit. Its height ranges from 20 feet to 50 feet.

It is the only structure on earth that can be identified from the moon.

Walled frontiers between the kingdoms in China date from at least the 4^th century B.C. In the 3^rd century B.C. the first emperor of “Ch’in”, after uniting China, linked up the existing walls and built new sections to create the Great Wall as a continuous unit. His purpose was to defend China from the Huns on the north. Watch towers and garrison stations were set at regular intervals in order to send signals and guard bulwark. The wall was so constructed in such a way that troops summoned by beacon fire could be quickly transported along its top.

The wall was built mostly of rubble, although the western sections are of tamped earth and important passes are of brick or masonry. The wall was frequently modified in later centuries. Some of its sections were built in the 15^th and 16^th centuries with new facilities of high towers. Before that, extensive repairs and extensions were made at various periods, notably during the Ming dynasty.

merits and demerits of internet

Demerits of Internet:

There are still a lot of people who see the Internet as a promoter of immorality with all the pornographic materials. Let us ask ourselves. Is that all that there is in the Internet? Once asked a student from a rural area in my class if they had Internet connection in their house.

The reply was his father would not allow due to the usual concern, you know what. Besides the demerit of X rated material there are problems of hacking, using email / chat to kidnap / cheat a person on the other side has also be seen.

Merits of Internet:

The Internet offers various useful tools for communication, among which we might mention electronic mail, the World Wide Web, newsgroups, remote access, file transfer and text-based and voiced-based chat. The net has become the most important e-mail system in the world because it connects so many people worldwide, creating a productivity gain.

Organizations use it to facilitate communication between employees and offices, and to communicate with customers and suppliers. Friends and family use e- mail in replacement to snail mail, due to its speed and flexibility.

Usenet Newsgroups or Forums are worldwide discussion groups in which people share information and ideas on defined topics of different ranges. Telnet is yet another communication function of the Internet.

It allows someone to be on one computer system while doing work on another. Information retrieval is the second basic Internet function. Many use of the Internet to locate and download some of the free, quality computer software that has been made available by developers on computers all over the world.

File transfer protocol (FTP) is used to access a remote computer and retrieve files from it. FTP is a quick and easy method if you know the remote computer site where the file is stored.

Once a file has been located, FTP makes transfer of the file to your own computer very easy. There are hosts of directories that have been made accessible for FTP to search for files and businesses can use them to locate files they require for their operations.

Like FTP, Gophers are another information retrieval tools that can be used to access files. A gopher is a computer client tool that enables the user to locate information stored on Internet gopher servers through a series of easy-to-use, hierarchical menus.

Most files and digital information that are accessible through FTP also are available through gophers. The Internet has thousands of gopher servers" sites throughout the world. What makes gopher sites easy to use is that each gopher site contains its own system of menus listing subject-matter topics, local files, and other relevant gopher sites.

There are also educational resources on the Internet. They are in various forms such as journals and database on various aspects of knowledge. For example there are sites where one can access online journals, or learn English.

These sites are of tremendous help to those who are doing academic research. There are also special homepages on special topics or subjects of interest. At the moment, not many people use the Internet for this purpose. It is time we encourage our students to visit these educational sites, especially the English language ones and this will go a long way to improve their level of English.

Commerce on the Internet is already a reality. The communication facilities which are on offer have rapidly become integrated as core business tools. Thus most of the business functions are communicative in nature. The emphasis to date has been on use of the Internet for communications with customers and other companies operating on collaborative ventures.

However, an increasing number are concentrating on transactions between businesses and on-line sales. The Internet Mall companies offer everything from books to flowers to travel. Trading partners can directly communicate with each other without passing through middlemen and inefficient multilayered procedures.

The Internet provides a public and universally available set of technologies for these purposes. Therefore, the Internet is rapidly becoming the technology of choice for electronic commerce because it offers businesses an even easier way to link with other businesses and individuals at a very low cost Handling transactions electronically can reduce transaction costs and delivery time for some goods, especially those that are purely digital (such as software, text Products, images, or videos Marketing Communication is another business function of the Internet.

As the term implies, marketing communication involves the use of communication media to market a product, goods and services. The nature of marketing communication at present is different from the mass communication paradigm of old. In the present era, marketing communication is more likely to involve expenditure on direct response marketing than involve the mass communication paradigm of old.

With the advent of the Internet, this traditional view of communication media has been altered. What we have now is the new many - to - many marketing communication model defining the web or Internet. This offers a radical departure from traditional marketing environments.

Concluding Remark:

The Internet is thus a boon for the Indian society since every activity or function of the society is covered. However, as it is at the moment, there are lots of benefits for businesses. It is therefore time we educate our society, especially the youngsters what to do on the net instead of denying them the opportunity to use it for fear of 'x' rated materials.

history of India

The history of India is one of the grand epics of world history and can be best described in the words of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as "a bundle of contradictions held together by strong but invisible threads". Indian history can be characterized as a work in progress, a continuous process of reinvention that can eventually prove elusive for those seeking to grasp its essential character.

The history of this astonishing sub continent dates back to almost 75000 years ago with the evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens. The Indus Valley Civilization which thrived in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300- 1300 BCE was the first major civilization in India.

Following is the history of India through the Ages:

The Pre Historic Era

1. The Stone Age:
   The Stone Age began 500,000 to 200,000 years ago and recent finds in Tamil Nadu (at C. 75000 years ago, before and after the explosion of the Toba Volcano) indicate the presence of the first anatomically humans in the area. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back to two million years have been discovered in the Northwestern part of the country.
   
2. The Bronze Age:
   The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent dates back to around 3300 BCE with the early Indus Valley Civilization. Historically part of ancient India, it is one of the world's earliest, urban civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Inhabitants of this era developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin.
   

Early Historic Period

1. Vedic Period:
   The Vedic Period is distinguished by the Indo-Aryan culture which was associated with the texts of Vedas, sacred to Hindus, and that were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts, next to those in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Vedic era in the subcontinent lasted from about 1500-500 BCE, laying down the foundation of Hinduism and other cultural dimensions of early Indian society. The Aryans laid down Vedic civilization all over North India, particularly in the Gangetic Plain.
   
2. Mahajanapadas:
   This period saw the second major rise in urbanization in India after the Indus valley Civilization. The word "maha" means great and the word "janapada" means foothold of a tribe. In the later Vedic Age a number of small kingdoms or city states had mushroomed across the subcontinent and also find mention in early Buddhist and Jain literature as far back as 1000 BCE. By 500 BCE, sixteen "republics" or Mahajanapadas has been established, namely; Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji),Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti,Gandhara, and Kamboja.
   
   
   • Persian and Greek Conquests:
     Much of the Northwest subcontinent (currently Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in C. 520 BCE under the rule of Darius the Great and remained so for two centuries. In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire, when he reached the Northwest frontier of the Indian subcontinent he defeated King Porus and conquered most of Punjab.
     
   • Maurya Empire:
     The Maurya Empire, ruled by the Mauryan Dynasty from 322-185 BCE was a geographically extensive and mighty political and military empire in ancient India, established in the subcontinent by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (present day Bihar) and was it further thrived under Ashoka the Great.
     
3. The Mughal Empire:
   In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Timur and Gengis Kahn from Fergana Valler (present day Uzbekistan) swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire which covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent till 1600; after which it went into decline after 1707 and was finally defeated during India's first war of Independence in 1857.
   
4. Colonial Era:
   From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom established trading posts in India. Later, they took advantage of internal conflicts and established colonies in the country.
   
5. The British Rule:
   The British Rule in India began with the coming of the British East India Company in 1600 and continued till Indian independence from British rule in 1947.
   
6. The Indian Independence Movement and Mahatma Gandhi:
   In the 20th century Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in a national campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to contain independence from the British.
   
7. Independence and Partition:
   Religious tension between the Hindus and Muslims had been brewing over the years, especially in provinces like Punjab and Bengal. The Muslims were a minority and they did not feel secure in the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government and hence made them wary of independence. All through this Mahatama Gandhi called for unity among the two religious groups. The British, whose economy had been weakened after World War 2, decided to leave India and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.

Important Industries of Pakistan

Industries, on the basis of the respective production, can be classified into three kinds:
a. Capital goods industries
b. Consumers goods industries
c. Agro-based industries
The details of these Pakistani industries are given as under:
a. CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES:
The industries which produce further capital are called ‘capital goods industries’ therefore, machine, tools, parts, raw material producing industries are included in the capital goods industries. The capital goods industries in Pakistan are given below:
1. Iron and Steel Industry: No country, without the development of Iron and Steel Industry, can develop economically. All the developed countries are developed due to the developed iron and steel base. Pakistan does not produce steel according to her needs therefore; the gap between demand and supply is bridged up through import of steel. Pakistan Steel is the steel producing project which could, no doubt, be regarded as the pioneer of Heavy Industry in Pakistan.
2. Engineering Industry: Engineering Industry is of strategic importance for the industrial development. Modern Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia are economically prosperous because of development of engineering industry. This industry, due to reasons, could not develop in Pakistan therefore; the engineering goods are imported to cater the local needs. Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) is a big name in the Engineering industry in Pakistan. This complex has been manufacturing complete cement plants and sugar plants. Moreover, it is also producing Boilers, cranes, road making machinery and different items for Pakistan Railways.
3. Automobile Industry: Automobile industry create constructive effects on tractors, threshers and other agricultural tools, defence vehicles, automobile and other industries which include metal wires, fiber glass, paints, rubber, plastic and glass industry. The first automobile plant was established in Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PARCO) was established in 1972. Presently, Pak. Suzuki Motor Company, Hino Pak, Alghazi Tractors, Gandhara Nissan were producing automobiles with recent addition of Toyota and Honda Motors.
4. Electronic Goods Industries: Electronic goods include many items like electric fans, bulbs, Heaters, transformers, batteries etc. Siemens Engineering Company has been playing an important role in producing electronic goods. Electronic goods industries in Pakistan are engage in producing cold storage plants, air conditioners, radio, refrigerators, television, audio cassette etc.
5. Chemical Fertilizer Industry: Pakistan is an agrarian country therefore; fertilizer industry is of strategic importance here. The first chemical fertilizer plant was set up at Daud Khel and the second was established at Faisalabad. As a result of Nationalization programme in Pakistan, the private fertilizer plants were transferred to National Fertilizers. There are 10 chemical fertilizer factories in Pakistan which are producing Nitrogenous and Sulphate fertilizers.
6. Petro-Chemical Industry: All the goods that are made of petrol and natural gas are concerned with the Petro-chemical industry. These goods include artificial fiber, plastic detergent and rubber.
b. CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIES:
Consumer goods are the goods which are used to extract utility or the satisfaction directly like cement, sugar, leather etc. Following are the consumer goods industries in Pakistan.
1. Pharmaceutical Industry: At the time of inception of Pakistan in 1947, there was pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan and all the medicines used to be imported. P.I Dogar Company and Frontier Chemical Works were making some minor medicine at the time at Lahore and Peshawar. Today there are 235 licensed pharmaceutical units out of which 32 are multipurpose.
2. Leather Goods Industry: Pakistan, as an agrarian country, is rich in cattle wealth like oxen, cow, buffalo, goats, camel, sheep etc. Moreover, Pakistan is also a Muslims country where meet is main in food items. This is the reason that the raw materials (hides and skin) for leather goods industry is abundantly available here. The future of leather goods industry in Pakistan is very bright. The centers of leather goods industry in Pakistan are at Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan, and Lahore. The leather goods include shoes, leather begs, leather garments etc.
3. Cement Industry: There were two cement manufacturing factories in Pakistan in 1947; Daimian Cement and Associated Company of Bombay. In the light of importance of cement for the construction work in the country one cement plant was established in Hyderabad with the name Zeal Pak and white cement plant at Daud Khel named Maple Leaf. Presently, there are 22 cement plants in Pakistan out of which 8 in Sindh, 9 in Punjab, 3 in NWFP, one in Islamabad and one plant in Baluchistan. The cement plant under completion is National Cement Plant, Cement Plant of Petro, Army Welfare Cement Project and Associated Cement Wah.
c. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES:
Agro-based industries which, for their raw material, depend on agriculture like textile, ghee, sugar edible oil, tobacco, fruit/vegetable processing industries. Agro-based industries of Pakistan are given as under:
1. Cotton Textile Industry: Cotton textile industry is the most important industry in Pakistan because it contributes 60 percent of total exports of the country and it is 18 percent of total heavy industrial output. Cotton is the raw material for cotton textile industry which is the cash crop of agricultural sector. Textile industry developed fast during fifties and sixties but after the Nationalization process of 1972 in Pakistan it has been converted into ‘sick’ industry. Presently, there are 503 textile factories in Pakistan.
2. Sugar Industry: After textile, sugar industry occupies the second important place in Pakistan. Sugar cane and Sugar beat are the raw materials for sugar industry which are the agricultural crops. There are 74 sugar mills in Pakistan out of which 38 are in Punjab, 30 in Sindh and 6 are in NWFP. Sucrose proportion in sugar cane of Sindh are embodied more than that of sugar cane of Punjab, therefore, concentration for installing the new factories is being given in Sindh.
3. Edible Oil/Ghee Industry: Edible/Ghee industry is the biggest one which uses imported edible oil. Edible oil is achieved seeds of soya bean, sunflower and cotton and cotton and Canola as well s palm. All these are the production of agricultural sector. Pakistan imports soya bean and palm oil in bulk. There are 9 ghee producing plants with Ghee Corporation of Pakistan.
4. Tobacco Industry: Tobacco is the cash crop of agricultural sector. ‘Virgina’; the best tobacco is cultivated in Peshawar. The other kinds of tobacco are cultivated in Rawalpindi, Multan, Lahore, Bahawalpur and Khairpur Divisions. Tobacco is also cultivated in Baluchistan. Mostly, ‘Filter’ tobacco is produced in Pakistan which is used in Cigarette Industry. Apart from Filter, other kinds of tobacco are Virgina, Flue cured, Verly and While Ash. There are 123 cigarette factories in Pakistan. Eighty four percent of total market demand of cigarette is met by 3 big cigarette companies including Pakistan Tobacco Company, Lexon Tobacco and Premier Tobacco Company.

Secularization

Secularization or generally refers to the transformation by which a society migrates from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship. It is also the name given to a general belief about history, namely that the development of society progresses toward modernization and lessening dependence on religion as religion loses its position of authority.

Secularization has many levels of meaning, both as a theory and a historical process. Social theorists such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim, postulated that the modernization of society would include a decline in levels of religiosity. Study of this process seeks to determine the manner in which, or extent to which religious creeds, practices and institutions are losing their social significance (if at all).

The term also has additional meanings, primarily historical. Applied to church property, secularization involves the abandonment of goods by the church where it is sold to purchasers after the government seizes the property, which most commonly happens after reasonable negotiations and arrangements are made. In Catholic theology, the term can also denote the permission or authorization given for an individual (typically clergy, who become secular clergy) to live outside his or her religious colony (monastery), either for a fixed or permanent period.

Marketing report on Cricket event

Events at szabist by danyal Mustafa Shaikh

how to write a report on an event

How to write a report on event

Shirt Master Group ( summary )

Summary

This case study is about a manufacturing and designing organization Shirt masters, CEO tony appoints an external management consultant to analyze the performance and identify key strategic and operational problem and recommend solutions.

ShirtMaster was established in 1950’s by Howard master who was a skilled tailor and thus he opened this organization with the purpose of manufacturing and designing men shirts and ties.

By 1960’s the firm had grown over to 2000 small retailers which dealt with all men accessories and clothing, helped by the extensive and expensive advertising campaign of the ShirtMaster, not only did this help but the Fashion Lead of London also boomed the business.

By 1996 the firm was took over by tony master who worked as CEO of the ShirtMaster brand and managed the operations of ShirtMaster division

ShirtMaster is divided into two categories.

The ShirtMaster division and corporate clothing division, The ShirtMaster division as mentioned is directly managed by tony master, this division deals with the retail business, since the beginning ShirtMaster division had the lead business and market share but due to the changing market and competition it is losing market share and profit.

 This division international strategy is to penetrate in the European markets followed by the Asian Growing markets, but to enter the European markets this division need to strategically align with a European partner in distribution or retailing.

Corporate clothing division works independently, dealing in work wear for large corporate customers, in the start this division was not profitable and had small market share and profit, but since then its market has grown. Major contracts have been gained with banks, airports and the police, fire and ambulance services. Its designers work closely with the buyers in its large customers and divisions sales revenue benefit from the regular introduction of new styles of uniforms and work wear.

This division has also developed its manufacturing base along with IT systems to satisfy the cusomters.It is particularly proud of its computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, which can be linked to its customers and allows designs to be updated and manufacturing altercations to the introduced with its customer’s approval. They also follow the customer service package.

This division is also going to penetrate in the European market with a strategic aligned partner.
Shirt master group future strategy.

The CEO is determined to re-establish ShirtMaster as a leading shirt brand in the UK along with launching the European countries.

The initial feedback meeting with the management consultant has confirmed the concern that he is not delegating sufficiently. The consultant commented that Tony’s influence could be felt throughout the shirt master division. Managers either try to anticipate the decisions they think he would make or alternatively not take the decision until he has given his approval.

The end result is a division not able to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive retail marketplace. And losing both money and market share

Shirt Master Group ( Q&A's )

Q1: The Shirt Master Group is performing poorly by any standards and this reflects the poor strategic position of a major part of the group which is Shirt Master Division.

Using a 5-forces and value chain analysis we can see that the chosen strategy

Of being an integrated shirt manufacturer carrying out all the activities needed to design, manufacture and distribute its shirts is now seriously open to question.

 Most of its UK competitors have recognized the need to source shirts from low cost manufacturing countries. But Tony Masters seems to be alone in thinking that by maintaining a UK manufacturing capability this will give it some competitive advantage. The economics of the industry have changed dramatically with foreign shirt makers able to supply both the quality of shirt required in the premium shirt market and at prices that would enable Shirt Master to radically improve its profit margins. The division seems to be in the classic ‘stuck in the middle’ position having neither the volumes to achieve cost leadership or the skills to differentiate itself in the market as it has in the past. Its strategic choice has been to concentrate on the premium end of the shirt market but this focus strategy is now under considerable challenge.

 

The two key forces at work seem to be the intensity of rivalry between the shirt makers and the increased buying power of their customers – the retail outlets for their shirts. The Shirt Master division has remained heavily dependent on its small independent retailers, who themselves are under threat from the specialist clothing retailers and the supermarkets. There is a pressing need to analyze the changes taking place in the value chain underlying the shirt business. There is no evidence to suggest that Shirt Master is willing to make shirts under the own label brands of the dominant retailers. The Shirt Master division’s reliance on small independent clothing retailers is having significant cost effects on its value chain. In terms of in-bound logistics Tony’s expensive trips to buy cloth from foreign suppliers is resulting in large stocks of expensive cloth.  Meeting the individual demands of its many small customers must have a real impact on its manufacturing and distribution costs. Marketing expenses supporting the Shirt Master brand are both significant and yielding decreasing returns. In terms of the support activities, questions need to be asked at the infrastructure and HR levels in terms of Tony’s influence over strategy and operations, at the technology level in terms of their apparent lack of investment in CAD/CAM systems compared with the Corporate Clothing division and the procurement strategy has already been questioned. The measures below reflect a balanced scorecard approach to overall performance and clearly the Corporate Clothing division’s results bring the problems of the Shirt Master division into even more focus – comparisons are horrible!

Q2:Johnson, Scholes and Whittington define a strategic alliance as ‘where two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy’.

There are a number of types of alliance ranging from a formal joint venture through to network where there is collaboration but no formal agreement. The type of strategic alliance will be affected by how quickly market conditions are changing – swift rates of change may require flexible less formal types of alliance and determine whether specific dedicated resources are required or whether the partners can use existing resources. It is important for alliance to be successful there needs to be a clear strategic purpose and senior management support; compatibility between the partners at all levels The advantages that may be gained by a successful strategic alliance include creating a joint operation that has a ‘critical mass’ that may lead to lower costs or an improved offer to the customer. It may also allow each partner to specialize in areas where they have a particular advantage or competence. Interestingly, alliances are often entered into where a company is seeking to enter new geographical markets, as is the case with both divisions. The partner brings local knowledge and expertise in distribution, marketing and customer support. A good strategic alliance will also enable the partners to learn from one another and develop competences that may be used in other markets. Clearly there is a real danger of the partner eventually becoming a competitor. In assessing the suitability for each division in using a strategic alliance to enter European markets one clearly has to analyze the very different positions of the divisions in terms of what they can offer a potential partner. The earlier analysis suggests that the ShirtMaster division may have the greater difficulty in attracting a partner. One may seriously question the feasibility of using the ShirtMaster brand in Europe and the competences the division has in terms of manufacturing and selling to large numbers of small independent UK clothing retailers would seem inappropriate to potential European partners. Ironically, if the management consultant recommends that the ShirtMaster division sources some or all of its shirts from low cost manufacturers in Europe this may provide a reason for setting up an alliance with such a manufacturer. The prospects of developing a strategic alliance in the Corporate Clothing division are much more favorable. The division has developed a value added service for its corporate customers, indeed its relationship with its customers can be seen as a relatively informal network or alliance and there seems every chance this could be replicated with large corporate customers in Europe. Equally, there may be European work wear companies looking to grow and develop who would welcome sharing the Corporate Clothing division’s expertise.

Q3:the Shirt Master Group has decided to structure itself using two divisions who are dealing with very different markets, customers and buying behaviors. In so doing the intention is to provide more value to the customer through a better understanding of their needs. The existence of the two divisions also reflects the origins of the two family businesses. Mint berg in his work on organization design and structure sees divisional configurations as being appropriate in relatively simple and static environments where significant strategic power is delegated from the ‘strategic apex’ to the ‘middle line‘ general managers with responsibility for the performance of the division. Indeed one of the benefits cited for divisionalised companies is their ability to provide a good training ground in strategic decision making for general managers who can then progress to senior positions at company headquarters. Tony Master’s unwillingness to delegate real strategic decision making power to the senior managers in the ShirtMaster division may be preventing those managers developing key managerial skills. Using the BCG matrix one could classify the ShirtMaster division as a ‘dog’ with low market share in a market exhibiting change but little growth. The Corporate Clothing division, by contrast, can be regarded as a “star” having a small share but of a growing market.

More easily developed within a divisionalised structure. Performance can be clearly identified and controlled and resources channeled to those areas showing potential. However, this may be at the expense of costly duplication of resources and an inability to get the necessary scale to compete in either of their separate markets. Certainly, the lack of co-operation between the divisions in areas such as information systems may lead to higher costs and poorer performance.

Q4:Much has been written on the links between leadership and culture and in particular the influence of the founder on the culture of the organization. Schein actually argues that leadership and culture are two sides of the same coin. Tony’s father had a particular vision of the type of company he wanted and importance of product innovation to the success of the business.

Tony is clearly influenced by that cultural legacy and has maintained a dominant role in the business though there is little evidence of continuing innovation.

Using the McKinsey 7-S model the founder or leader is the main influence on the development of the shared values in the firm that shapes the culture. However, it is clear from the scenario that Tony through his ‘hands-on’ style of leadership is affecting the other elements in the model strategy, structure and systems which are the ‘hard’ factors and senior staff and their skills which are the ‘soft’ factors in making strategic decisions. Delegation has been highlighted as one of the problems Tony has to face and it is a familiar one in family firms.

 Certainly there could be need for him to give his senior management team the responsibility for the functional areas they nominally control. Tony’s style is very much a ‘hands-on’ style but this may be inappropriate for handling the problems that the company faces. Equally, he seems too responsible for the strategic decisions the company is taking and not effectively involving his team in the strategy process. Style is seen as a key factor in influencing the culture of an organization and getting the right balance between being seen as a paternalistic owner-manager and a chairman and chief executive looking to develop his senior management team is difficult. The positive side of Tony’s style of leadership is that he is both known and well regarded by the staff on the factory floor. Unfortunately, if the decision is taken to source shirts from abroad this may mean that the manufacturing capability disappears.

Tony should be aware that changing the culture of an organization is not an easy task and that as well as his leadership style influencing; his leadership can also be constrained by the existing culture that exists in the ShirtMaster Group. Lewis’s three-stage model of change and force field analysis.

The Annual Inspection of My School

The Annual Inspection of our school took place on last Wednesday. Our Head Master had told us about the date of inspection a week before it, so we had enough time to make preparations. Students of each class tried their best to decorate the School. All the class rooms were white washed. The classes were decorated with beautiful pictures, charts and maps. Students completed their fair note books and got them signed and checked by the concerned subject teachers. The science hall, drawing hall, the school garden and pavements were decorated. The District Officer Secondary and Higher Secondary Education accompanied by the Head Masters and subject specialists of other schools reached our school at 10:00am. Our Head Master received them at the gate. The Head Master Incharge of the inspection distributed the subjects of the different classes among the Head Masters and subject specialist of other schools. All the members of inspection team inspected the classes and prepared inspection reports and presented them to District Officer. Last of all District Officer Education paid visit to each class. He found the classes well prepared. After it he wrote visiting note in visitor’s book. He then assembled all the teachers and discussed the problems of the school, after it the inspection team left the school.

Geographical Conditions of Arabia during Advent of Islam

Question: What were the Geographical Conditions of Arabia at the advent of Islam?

Answer:

Introduction: Saudi Arabia monarchy in south western Asia, occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia is a land of vast deserts and little rainfall. Huge deposits of oil and natural gas lie beneath the country’s surface. Saudi Arabia was a relatively poor nation before the discover and exploitation of oil, but since the 1950s income from oil has made the country wealthy. The religion of Islam developed in the 7^th by Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, and it has been ruled by his descendants ever since.

Saudi Arabia is bounded on the north by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait; on the east by the Persian Gulf and Qatar; on the south east by the United Arab Emirates and Oman; on the border with the United Arab Emirates is not precisely defined. Saudi Arabia has an area of about 2,240,000 sq km (about 864,900 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Riyadh.

Geography: The Arabian Peninsula is essentially a huge, tilted block of rock, highest in the west and sloping gradually down to the east. Most of this slab of rock is covered with the sand of several large deserts. Saudi Arabia’s landscape also contains mountain ranges, flat coastal plains, and the rocky remains of hardened lava flows. The country’s climate is hot and dry, and there are no permanent rivers or lakes. Saudi Arabia can be divided into four natural regions. These are the mountainous western highlands; the rocky central plateau; the more fertile, eastern low-lying coastal plain; and the sandy desert areas of the north, east, and south. A string of mountain ranges stretches along the western edge of Saudi Arabia. The northern segment of these highlands, known as Al Hijaz (Hejaz), has a general elevation of 600 to 9000 m (2,000 to 3,000 ft), with some mountains exceeding 2,000 m (6,500 ft). Rainfall here is infrequent, but streams flowing down the west side of the highlands allow limited agriculture in valleys and on the narrow coastal plain. On the fields of dark-coloured, broken basaltic stone known as harras. South of Al Hijaz the highlands continue into the region known as ‘Asir. Here, the highlands are rugged and reach considerably higher elevations than in Al Hijaz: Much of ‘Asir lies between 1,500 and 2,000 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft). The highest point in Saudi Arabia, Jabal Sawda’ (3,207 m 10,522 ft), is located in this region, near the border with Yemen. ‘Asir receives more rainfall than Al Hijaz, allowing more widespread farming.

Considerably more than half the area of Saudi Arabia is desert. Some desert areas are covered with shifting sand dunes, while others are more stable flat or rippled expanses of sand. Shaped and moved by winds, sand dunes take the form of long ridges or tall hills. Sand, gravel, or bare rock basins lie between the dunes. Few plants grow in these arid deserts, except in scattered oases supported by springs or wells. Three large deserts lie on three sides of the country’s central plateau: An Nafud to the north, the Rub’ al Khali to the south, and the narrow Ad Dahna’ connecting these two on the east. The Rub’ al Khali, one of the largest deserts in the world, has an area of about 650,000 sq km (about 250,000 sq mi), nearly as large as the U.S. state of Texas.

An Nafud is characterized by parallel sand ridges, most 6 to 15 m (20 to 50 ft) high, but some sand hills rise as high as 30 m (100 ft). In some areas, wind has stripped the bedrock surface clean of loose material.

Summary of health is wealth

One day Kashif went for shopping with his mother. As he was fond of sweets, so he asked mother to purchase some from a shop. But his mother refused to buy sweets from that shop because flies were sitting on sweets. After it Kashif asked her to buy sweets from another shop which see-med to be clean. Mother refused on the grounds that she had seen a man sweeping the road along the shop. On asking mother explained that flies and dust carried germs and germs were injurious to health.

Kashif wented to know more about germs. His mother told him that when flies walk on dirty things, the germs stick to their legs. The flies carry those germs to our food. When we eat food, the germs get into our bodies and make us ill. So we should never eat such sweets and food which are non properly covered. She further told Kashif that a great number of diseases are caused by germs. For instant typhoid is caused by flies, Malaria is caused by a kind of mosquito bite. So we should make our surroundings clean and use kerosene oil and D.D.T powder. By doing so we can get rid of diseases. In this way we can preserve our health because health is wealth.

A Letter to Younger Brother Advising Him to Take Interest in His Studies

Examination Hall,

March 16, 2003.

My Dear Brother,

Assalam-o-Alaikum,

I am sorry to tell you that it hurts me to hear from your class teacher that you did not do well in the terminal tests. You have failed in English and Maths. You should be ashamed of it. You know I always showed good results in the same school. All teachers know that you are my brother. They expect good results from you also. I have also come to know that you are often absent from class and have joined a bad company. I am shocked to learn all this.

I therefore warn you to mend your ways. Work hard and win the admiration of your parents and teachers. You should devote much time to your students and make up your deficiency. I hope next time you will show good results.

Yours affectionately

X. Y. Z

Difference between Society and Community

Human beings are social animals. The quality we call humanity can be achieved only through social living, for there is no such things as a person whose personality and behaviour have not developed within some human society. Individual and society are both but what is the exact relationship between the two is taxing problem. Habits of a child closely develop in society and a child develops, and grows according to his social environments. In a few words, man is a social animal both by need, nature and necessity without. Society he cannot advance and it is impossible to have fullest expression of his personality and facilities. He requires society both for his life and also for the sake of good life. Society makes his life pleasant and worth living.
Community distinctly has territorial character and people in a community have common soil as well as shared way of life. In the past, community life was very simple but with the changes in society, changes in the community life are also rapidly coming. These changes are visible in both rural and urban life. There are different elements, which help in the development of community setiment. It may however, be remembered that community is different from society as well as association.
However, following points may clear the concept of society and the community.
Community
1. Population, it is one of the most essential and indispensable characteristics of a community irrespective of the consideration whether people have or have not consicious relations.
2. Nature, A community by nature is discrete as compared with society.
3. Area, For a community area or locality is very essential and that perhaps is the reason that the community has a definite shape.

4. Heterogeneity, A community has compatively rarrow scope for community sentiments and as such it cannot have wide heterogeneity.
5. Group of people living together sharing basic conditions of social life. i-e religion languages (very often).
6. It is smaller than the society which is closely tied and well-knit group.
7. It is more ethnocentric than society. Because its members share sentiments.
8. Definite geographical areas is essential.

9. Community exists within society.
10. In a community one finds that common objectives are less extensive and loosely coordinated. Society
1. Population is of course important but here the population is conditional by a feeling of one men. Thus consitous relations are more important than the mere population for a society.
2. By nature and character society is abstract and we can only feel about society.
3. Society is area less and shapless and for a society area is no consideration. That perhaps is the reason that the people living in distant areas and working in different fields conform society.
4. A society has heterogeneity and because of its wide scope and field can embrace people having different confucts.

5. Society is name of structure of all social relaship. Direct or indirect organised on in organised co operative or antagonistic.
6. It is a larger group based on aware nen or conscious nen of its other member/group set.
7. It is less ethnocentric than community. Its members do no share sentiments.
8. Definite geographical area and locality is not necessary.
9. Society include many communities.
10. On other hand in a developed society common objection are more extensive and closely coordinated.

What is a Project

To put projects into irrespective, you need a definition, most of the time we call any work a project, but Projects actually have a very specific definition. if a set of tasks or work to be done does not meet the strict definition, then it cannot be called a project.

Project is a sequence of unique, complex and connected activities having one or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, budget and according to a specification.

Unique activities : the project must unique in nature, a project has never happened before and it will never happen again under the same condition, something is always different each time the activities of projet are repeated.. such as a part is delayed, someone is sick , a power failure occurs, these are random events that can happen but we are not sure when, how and with what impact these event will happen.

Complex activities:the activities that can make up the project are not simple, repetitive acts, such as mowing the lawn, painting the house m washing the car, or the loading the delivery truck, they are complex. for example, designing an intuitive user interface to an application system is a complex activity

Connected activities: connectedness implies that there is a logical or technical relationship between pairs of activities. there is an order to the sequence in which the activities that make the project must be completed. they are considered connected because the output  from one activity is he input to another .for example we must design the computer program before we can program it.

One Goal: projects must have a single goal, for exapmle to design an inner-city play ground for Aid to dependent children families. how ever very large or complex projects may be divided into several sub projects, each of which is a projects on its own

Specified Time: projects have a specified completion date. this date can be self imposed by man engagement or externally specified by a customer or government agency.

Within budget: projects also have resource limits, such as limited amount of people, money or machines that are dedicated to the project,. while these resources can be adjusted up or down by management they are considered fixed resources to the project manager. For example, suppose a company has only one web designer a the moment that is the fixed resource that ia available to the project manager

Pakistan Resolution

PREAMBLE

Pakistan Resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan.It provides a way to the Muslims,leading to the destination of a complete independence.
ATTITUDE OF HINDUS

Hindus clearly stated that they would not tolerate another community in India by saying:

"India belong to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India,they should follow Hinduism."

The Hindus tried to destroy Muslim identity by introducing Hindi as a medium of education.
CONGRESS OPERATION

The congress neglected the Muslim in every field and supported the Hindus.It did not recognize Muslim as a considerable party in India.In his address Nehru stated that: "There are only two parties in the country,the congress and the british." According of Quaid-e-Azam :

"The sole aim and object of the congress is to annihilate every other organization in the country."
PARTITION PROPOSALS

By 1937,the political conditions of Sub Continent compelled the Muslim political leaders to seriously consider the partition of India.The idea of Indian partition was not a new one,a number of partition proposals had been forwarded previously by many Muslim leaders like Syed Ahmed Shaheed,Mohammad Abdul Qadir,Allama Iqbal,Syed Jamal Uddin Afghani,Abdul Halim Sharar e.t.c.


PROPOSAL GIVEN BY ALLAMA IQBAL

The most reasonable proposal was given by Allama Iqbal.The poet,philosopher,while delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahbad in December 1930 said:

"India is a continent of Human Beings belonging to different languages ,having different religion,therefore,I demand the formation of separate Muslim State for the Muslims of India."
CHAUDRY REHMAT ALI'S SCHEME

Chaudry Rehmat Ali proposed his scheme of partition of India.He declared:

"North of India is Muslim and we shall keep it Muslim.Not only that ,we will make it a Muslim State....?"

He coined the word "Pakistan" in which 'P' stands for Punjab,'A' stands for Afghanistan,(N.W.F.P) 'K' for Kashmir ,'S' for Sindh and 'tan' stands for Baluchistan.The word Pakistan means "The land of Pure".
THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

In 1940,the annual session of Muslim League was held at Lahore in Minto Park (Iqbal Park).Under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam and a resolution was passed on 23rd March,1940.The Resolution was moved by Bengal Chief Minister Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Chaudry Khaliq-uz-Zaman.It stated that:

"No Constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles,viz,that geographically contiguous units are demo crated into regions which should be so constituted,with such territorial adjustment as may necessary,that the areas in which Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India,should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign...adequate,effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the protection of their religion ,cultural,economic,political,administrative and other rights."
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF QUA ID-E-AZAM

The Quaid-e-Azam delivered a historic address at this moment highlighting the distinct national character of the Muslims of India.He said:

"Musalmans are not a minority at is commonly known and understood.One has only got to look around even today,According to the British map of India,out of 11 provinces,4 provinces where the Muslims dominate more or less are functioning not with standing the decision of the Congress High Command to non cooperate and prepare for civil disobedience .Musalmans are nation according to any definition of a nation and they must have their homelands,their territory and their state.We wish to live in peace and harmony with our neighbors as a free and independent people.We wish our people to develop to the fullest our spiritual,cultural,economic,social and political life in a way that we think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people."
MUSLIMS ACCEPTANCE AND HINDUS REJECTION OF THE RESOLUTION

The Resolution was unanimously accepted by the Muslims who had assembled the meeting plan in a large number.The Hindu readers and newspaper raise a hue and cry after the Resolution.They refused it and referred to the partition as "Vivisection of Motherland".

Gandhi said that :

"Dividing India was like dividing a cow."

Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that:

"If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would loose the whole,but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get two-thirds."
IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

The Pakistan Resolution is a land mark in the history of the Muslims of India.This famous Resolution results in the creation of Pakistan.The acceptance of Pakistan Resolution strengthened the Two Nation Theory which was the basis of Muslim struggle for Independence.


CONCLUSION

Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the national identity of the Muslims.With the passage of Pakistan Resolution,the Muslims began to acquire new hope and confidence in their destiny.The Resolution infused high spirits among the Muslims who were now determined to fight to the last minute for the accomplishment of Pakistan.